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Вопросы вирусологии. 2020; 65: 71-76

Современное состояние проблемы прионных болезней и причины их опасности для человека и животных

Зуев Виктор Абрамович, Кальнов С. Л., Куликова Н. Ю., Гребенникова Т. В.

https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-2-71-76

Аннотация

В обзоре представлено современное состояние проблемы прионов и прионных болезней с акцентом на эпидемическую и эпизоотическую опасность возбудителей, вызывающих смертельные нейродегенеративные болезни человека и животных. Описаны результаты молекулярно-генетических исследований конверсии нормальных молекул прионного белка (PrPc) в их инфекционные формы (PrPd), устойчивость последних к физическим методам дезинфекции, особенно к высоким температурам, а также их способность преодолевать межвидовые барьеры, увеличивая при этом вирулентность. Подчёркнуты необычно продолжительный инкубационный период, возможность заражения не только алиментарным путём, - при употреблении в пищу даже термически обработанного мяса заражённых животных, но и вследствие хирургических вмешательств, особенно нейрохирургических и офтальмологических, а также в результате использования иммунобиологических препаратов. Отсутствие средств лечения прионных болезней обосновывает крайнюю необходимость разработки отечественных высокочувствительных тест-систем, способных эффективно обнаруживать инфекционный прионный белок прижизненно, на доклинической стадии заболевания. Кратко описаны новейшие методы автоматической белковой амплификации и идентификации прионных белков как наиболее перспективные направления исследований в области диагностики прионных болезней.
Список литературы

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Problems of Virology. 2020; 65: 71-76

Prion diseases and the biosecurity problems

Zuev Victor A., Kalnov Sergey L., Kulikova Nadezhda Yu., Grebennikova Tatyana V.

https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-2-71-76

Abstract

The review presents the current state of the problem of prions and prion diseases with an emphasis on the epidemiological and epizootological risks of pathogens that cause fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals. The results of molecular genetic studies of the conversion of normal PrPc prion protein molecules to infectious forms of PrPd, resistance to physical disinfection methods, in particular exceptional thermal stability, and their ability to overcome interspecific barriers, while increasing virulence, are described. The possibility of infection not only by nutrition, when eating even heat-treated meat of sick animals, but also due to surgical interventions, especially neurosurgical and ophthalmic, as well as the use of immunobiological preparations, are emphasized. Since there are currently no means for the effective treatment of prion diseases in the world, attention is drawn to the high degree of relevance for the biosafety of the country to develop domestic highly sensitive test systems that can effectively detect prion infectious protein in vivo at the preclinical stage of the disease. The latest methods of automatic protein amplification and identification of prion proteins are briefly described as the most promising areas of research in the field of diagnosis of prion diseases.
References

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