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Вопросы вирусологии. 2016; 61: 154-159

Ротавирусная инфекция человека. Стратегии вакцинопрофилактики

Алексеев К. П., Кальнов С. Л., Гребенникова Т. В., Алипер Т. И.

https://doi.org/10.18821/0507-4088-2016-61-4-154-159

Аннотация

Ротавирус был впервые выделен в 1973 г. от больных диареей детей в Австралии. в развивающихся странах сотни тысяч детей ежегодно погибают от этого вируса, пик смертности приходится на самые бедные страны. По данным воз, ротавирусная инфекция уносит ежегодно около 440 тыс. детских жизней, являясь по важности третьей после пневмонии и малярии причиной смертности. Ротавирус распространен повсеместно и к 5 годам почти каждый ребенок на планете хотя бы раз сталкивался с этим патогеном. Ротавирус отличается высоким генетическим и антигенным разнообразием. наибольшее значение для человека имеет ротавирус группы А, а наиболее распространенными на сегодняшний день генотипами являются G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], G9P[8] и в меньшей степени G12P[8]. выделяют 3 устойчивых сочетания генов ротавируса, обозначаемых Wa, Ds-1 и AU-1. Предполагают их происхождение от ротавирусов свиней, крупного рогатого скота (КРС), собак и кошек соответственно. Описаны случаи межвидовых переходов ротавируса от животных к человеку. Первые вакцины против ротавирусной инфекции были основаны на естественно аттенуированном вирусе животного происхождения. их эффективность, особенно в развивающихся странах, оказалась недостаточной, однако сегодня в Китае и индии применяются вакцины на основе ротавирусов животного происхождения. Методом реассортации на основе ротавируса КРС WC3 была получена успешно применяемая сегодня пентавалентная вакцина против основных серотипов ротавируса человека RotaTeq. Способность ротавируса обеспечивать защиту и против гетерологичных изолятов учли при разработке другой вакцины - Rotarix, созданной на основе генотипа G1P1A[8]. Эффективность этих вакцин в развивающихся странах значительно снижена (до 51%), стоимость дозы высока, поэтому поиски более эффективных, безопасных и недорогих вакцин против ротавирусной инфекции продолжаются во всем мире.
Список литературы

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8. Santos N., Hoshino Y. Global distribution of rotavirus serotypes/genotypes and its implication for the development and implementationof an effective rotavirus vaccine. Rev. Med. Virol. 2005; 15 (1): 29-56.

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10. Matthijnssens J., Bilcke J., Ciarlet M., Martella V., Bányai K., Rahman M. et al. Rotavirus disease and vaccination: impact on genotype diversity. Future Microbiol. 2009; 4 (10): 1303-16.

11. Matthijnssens J., Ciarlet M., McDonald S.M., Attoui H., Bányai K., Brister J.R. et al. Uniformity of rotavirus strain nomenclature proposed by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group (RCWG). Arch. Virol. 2011; 156: 1397-413.

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20. Rahman M., Matthijnssens J., Yang X., Delbeke T., Arijs I., Taniguchi K. et al. Evolutionary history and global spread of the emerging G12 human rotaviruses. J. Virol. 2007; 81 (5): 2382-90.

21. Heiman E.M., McDonald S.M., Barro M., Taraporewala Z.F., Bar-Magen T., Patton J.T. Group A human rotavirus genomics:evidence that gene constellations are influenced by viralprotein interactions. J. Virol. 2008; 82: 11 106-16.

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24. Matthijnssens J., Rahman M., Van Ranst M. Two out of the 11 genes of an unusual human G6P[6] rotavirus isolate are of bovine origin. J. Gen. Virol. 2008; 89 (Pt. 10): 2630-5.

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26. Iturriza-Gómara M., Dallman T., Banyai K., Bottiger B., Buesa J., Diedrich S. et al. Rotavirus genotypes co-circulating in Europe between 2006 and 2009 as determined by EuroRotaNet, a pan-Europeancollaborative strain surveillance network. Epidemiol. Infect. 2011; 139 (6): 895-909.

27. Matthijnssens J., Potgieter C.A., Ciarlet M., Parrenõ V., Martella V., Bányai K. et al. Are human P[14] rotavirus strains the result of interspeciestransmissions from sheep or other ungulates that belongto the mammalian order Artiodactyla? J. Virol. 2009; 83 (7): 2917-29.

28. Ghosh S., Alam M.M., Ahmed M.U., Talukdar R.I., Paul S.K., Kobayashi N. Complete genome constellation of a caprinegroup A rotavirus strain reveals common evolution withruminant and human rotavirus strains. J. Gen. Virol. 2010; 91 (Pt. 9): 2367-73.

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36. Kandasamy S., Chattha K.S., Vlasova A.N., Saif L.J. Prenatal vitamin A deficiency impairs adaptive immune responses to pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RotaTeq®) in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig model. Vaccine. 2014; 32 (7): 816-24.

37. Bhandari N., Rongsen-Chandola T., Bavdekar A., John J., Antony K., Taneja S. et al. Efficacy of amonovalent human-bovine (116E) rotavirus vaccine in Indian infants: a randomised, double-blind,placebocontrolled trial. Lancet. 2014; 383 (9935): 2136-43.

38. Zade J.K., Kulkarni P.S., Desai S.A., Sabale R.N., Naik S.P., Dhere R.M. Bovine rotavirus pentavalent vaccine development in India. Vaccine. 2014; 32 (Suppl. 1): A124-8.

39. Fix A., Harrow C., McNeal M., Dally L., Flores J., Robertson G. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a parenterally administered rotavirus VP8 subunit vaccine in healthyadults. In: Seventh International conference on Vaccinesfor Enteric Diseases. Thailand, Nov 6-8. Bangkok; 2013.

Problems of Virology. 2016; 61: 154-159

Human rotavirus infection. Strategies for the vaccinal prevention

Alekseev K. P., Kalnov S. L., Grebennikova T. V., Aliper T. I.

https://doi.org/10.18821/0507-4088-2016-61-4-154-159

Abstract

Rotavirus was first isolated in 1973 in Australia from children with diarrhea. Hundreds of thousands of children die annually in developing countries from this virus with the mortality peaks in the most impoverished among them. According to wHo, rotavirus infection claims about 440 thousands children lives each year, being third in the mortality rate after pneumonia and malaria. Rotavirus is widely spread throughout the world and by the age of five years almost every child encountered this pathogen at least once. Rotavirus has a high genetic and antigenic diversity. The most important for humans is the group A rotavirus, and the most common by far genotypes are G1P [8], G2P [4], G3P [8], G4P [8], G9P [8], and to a lesser extent G12P [8]. There are three gene constellations described in rotavirus designated Wa, Ds-1, and Au-1. It is believed that they originated from rotaviruses of pigs, cattle, dogs, and cats, respectively. Cases of rotavirus interspecies transmission from animal to humans were reported. The first vaccines against rotavirus infection were based on naturally attenuated virus of the animal origin. Their efficiency, especially in developing countries, was inadequate, but today China and India use vaccines based on animal rotaviruses. Using the method of gene reassortation with the cattle rotavirus WC3 as a backbone, pentavalent vaccine against most common human rotavirus serotypes was developed and now successfully used as RotaTeq. The ability of rotavirus to protect against heterologous isolates was taken into account in the development of other vaccine, Rotarix, created on the basis of rotavirus genotype G1P1A [8]. The efficacy of these vaccines in developing countries is significantly reduced (51%), the cost of a dose is high, and so the search for more effective, safe, and inexpensive vaccines against rotavirus continues around the world.
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8. Santos N., Hoshino Y. Global distribution of rotavirus serotypes/genotypes and its implication for the development and implementationof an effective rotavirus vaccine. Rev. Med. Virol. 2005; 15 (1): 29-56.

9. Koopmans M., Brown D. Seasonality and diversity of Group A rotaviruses in Europe. Acta Paediatr. Suppl. 1999; 88 (426): 14-9.

10. Matthijnssens J., Bilcke J., Ciarlet M., Martella V., Bányai K., Rahman M. et al. Rotavirus disease and vaccination: impact on genotype diversity. Future Microbiol. 2009; 4 (10): 1303-16.

11. Matthijnssens J., Ciarlet M., McDonald S.M., Attoui H., Bányai K., Brister J.R. et al. Uniformity of rotavirus strain nomenclature proposed by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group (RCWG). Arch. Virol. 2011; 156: 1397-413.

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18. Zaman K., Dang D.A., Victor J.C., Shin S., Yunus M., Dallas M.J. et al. Efficacy of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants in developing countries in Asia: a randomised, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010; 376 (9741): 615-23.

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20. Rahman M., Matthijnssens J., Yang X., Delbeke T., Arijs I., Taniguchi K. et al. Evolutionary history and global spread of the emerging G12 human rotaviruses. J. Virol. 2007; 81 (5): 2382-90.

21. Heiman E.M., McDonald S.M., Barro M., Taraporewala Z.F., Bar-Magen T., Patton J.T. Group A human rotavirus genomics:evidence that gene constellations are influenced by viralprotein interactions. J. Virol. 2008; 82: 11 106-16.

22. McDonald S.M., Matthijnssens J., McAllen J.K., Hine E., Overton L., Wang S. et al. Evolutionary dynamics of human rotaviruses: balancingreassortment with preferred genome constellations. PloS Pathog. 2009; 5 (10): e1000634.

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24. Matthijnssens J., Rahman M., Van Ranst M. Two out of the 11 genes of an unusual human G6P[6] rotavirus isolate are of bovine origin. J. Gen. Virol. 2008; 89 (Pt. 10): 2630-5.

25. Nakagomi O., Ohshima A., Aboudy Y., Shif I., Mochizuki M., Nakagomi T. et al. Molecular identification byRNA-RNA hybridization of a human rotavirus that is closely related to rotaviruses of feline and canine origin. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1990; 28: 1198-203.

26. Iturriza-Gómara M., Dallman T., Banyai K., Bottiger B., Buesa J., Diedrich S. et al. Rotavirus genotypes co-circulating in Europe between 2006 and 2009 as determined by EuroRotaNet, a pan-Europeancollaborative strain surveillance network. Epidemiol. Infect. 2011; 139 (6): 895-909.

27. Matthijnssens J., Potgieter C.A., Ciarlet M., Parrenõ V., Martella V., Bányai K. et al. Are human P[14] rotavirus strains the result of interspeciestransmissions from sheep or other ungulates that belongto the mammalian order Artiodactyla? J. Virol. 2009; 83 (7): 2917-29.

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37. Bhandari N., Rongsen-Chandola T., Bavdekar A., John J., Antony K., Taneja S. et al. Efficacy of amonovalent human-bovine (116E) rotavirus vaccine in Indian infants: a randomised, double-blind,placebocontrolled trial. Lancet. 2014; 383 (9935): 2136-43.

38. Zade J.K., Kulkarni P.S., Desai S.A., Sabale R.N., Naik S.P., Dhere R.M. Bovine rotavirus pentavalent vaccine development in India. Vaccine. 2014; 32 (Suppl. 1): A124-8.

39. Fix A., Harrow C., McNeal M., Dally L., Flores J., Robertson G. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a parenterally administered rotavirus VP8 subunit vaccine in healthyadults. In: Seventh International conference on Vaccinesfor Enteric Diseases. Thailand, Nov 6-8. Bangkok; 2013.